Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) develops and promotes Internet standards, cooperating closely with the W3C and ISO/IEC standards bodies and dealing in particular with standards of the TCP/IP and Internet protocol suite. It is an open standards organization, with no formal membership or membership requirements. All participants and managers are volunteers, though their work is usually funded by their employers or sponsors; for instance, the current chairperson is funded by VeriSign and the U.S. government's National Security Agency.

 

Organization

 

The IETF is organized into a large number of working groups and informal discussion groups (BoF)s, each dealing with a specific topic. Each group is intended to complete work on that topic and then disband. Each working group has an appointed chairperson (or sometimes several co-chairs), along with a charter that describes its focus, and what and when it is expected to produce. It is open to all who want to participate, and holds discussions on an open mailing list or at IETF meetings. The mailing list consensus is the final arbiter of decision of-making.

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Web Crawler

A Web crawler is a computer program that browses the World Wide Web in a methodical, automated manner or in an orderly fashion. Other terms for Web crawlers are ants, automatic indexers, bots, Web spiders, Web robots, or—especially in the FOAF community—Web scutters. This process is called Web crawling or spidering. Many sites, in particular search engines, use spidering as a means of providing up-to-date data. Web crawlers are mainly used to create a copy of all the visited pages for later processing by a search engine that will index the downloaded pages to provide fast searches. Crawlers can also be used for automating maintenance tasks on a Web site, such as checking links or validating HTML code. Also, crawlers can be used to gather specific types of information from Web pages, such as harvesting e-mail addresses (usually for sending spam).

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Definition of Technology

Technology is the making, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or perform a specific function. It can also refer to the collection of such tools, machinery, and procedures. Technologies significantly affect human as well as other animal species' ability to control and adapt to their natural environments. The word technology comes from Greek τεχνολογία (technología); from τέχνη (téchnē), meaning "art, skill, craft", and -λογία (-logía), meaning "study of-". The term can either be applied generally or to specific areas: examples include construction technology, medical technology, and information technology. The human species' use of technology began with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools. The prehistorical discovery of the ability to control fire increased the available sources of food and the invention of the wheel helped humans in travelling in and controlling their environment. Recent technological developments, including the printing press, the telephone, and the Internet, have lessened physical barriers to communication and allowed humans to interact freely on a global scale. However, not all technology has been used for peaceful purposes; the development of weapons of ever-increasing destructive power has progressed throughout history, from clubs to nuclear weapons.

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Style Sheets

Web style sheets are a form of separation of presentation and content for web design in which the markup (i.e., HTML or XHTML) of a webpage contains the page's semantic content and structure, but does not define its visual layout (style). Instead, the style is defined in an external stylesheet file using a style sheet language such as CSS or XSL. This design approach is identified as a "separation" because it largely supersedes the antecedent methodology in which a page's markup defined both style and structure.

The philosophy underlying this methodology is a specific case of separation of concerns.

 

Benefits

 

Separation of style and content has many benefits, but has only become practical in recent years due to improvements in popular web browsers' CSS implementations.

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All the programs made for iPhone can run on the iPad

Scale up iPhone apps

 

Even before the iPad was officially announced in January 2010, the App Store already had more than 100,000 programs in stock for iPhone and iPod Touch users. According to Apple, just about all of these programs can run on the iPad, so there's no software shortage for the slab here. But while these apps can run on the iPad, most of them weren't designed for it. They might seem a little sparse on the bigger screen. Still, you've two ways to run those older iPhone and iPod Touch apps on the iPad:

Run the apps at actual size. While this maintains the initial look of the app, it looks type of silly floating there in the middle of the iPad, like a tiny island with an ocean of dark screen surrounding it on all four sides. You have to reach in much farther across the iPad to tap the screen buttons.

Run the apps at twice the dimensions. If you don't want to squint, you can super-size that old iPhone app - just tap the 2X button in the bottomright corner of the iPad screen. The iPad then doubles each pixel on the screen to scale in the app. Depending on the program, though, Hulk-ing up your apps using the 2X button can make them look a little blotchy and weird compared to running them at the size they were intended. But you will make use of your iPad's expansive vista.

 

Organize apps

 

You know how to rearrange the icons on the Home screen of your iPad. You might now have a ton of groovy new app icons throughout your iPad - but not in the order you'd like them. Sure, you can drag wiggling icons throughout your 11 pages of Home screen, but that can get a little confusing and frustrating whenever you accidentally drop an icon on the wrong page. Plus, that iPad screen is awfully large and also you could throw your shoulder out dragging those apps such a long distance. If you want a simpler way to fine-tune your iPad's Home screens, iTunes lets you arrange all your app icons from your big-screen computer:

Connect the iPad to your computer. Click its icon in the Source list. Click the Applications tab. You now see all your applications - an entire list on the left, a huge version of the current screen in the middle, and individual pages towards the right-hand side of or below the Big Screen.

Select the icons you want to move. Click an icon you want to move on the JumboTron and drag it to the desired page thumbnail - iTunes re-creates both iPad screen orientations so you can fine-tune the feel of your screens: landscape mode pages appear across the bottom, portrait mode screens stacked vertically on the far right.

Hold down the Ctrl or keys and click to select multiple apps. It's much simpler to group similar apps on the page this way - you can have, say, a webpage of games or a page of online newspapers. You can even swap out the four permanent application icons in the gray bar on the bottom of the iPad screen with other apps - and squeeze in two more for a total of six apps in the permanent row.

Click Apply or Sync. Wait just a moment as iTunes rearranges the icons on your iPad so that they mirror the setup in iTunes. But what if you must many apps for the iPad's limit of 11 Home screens? Even if an app's not visible, you can think it is on the tablet by flicking your finger from left to right on the first Home screen and typing in the app name in the search box that appears.

 

Adjust app preferences

 

Many apps have their functions and controls within each program; you can get for them by tapping Setup or Options while you take the app. Some apps, however, possess a separate set of preferences kept in the iPad's Settings area.

For example, your nifty little weather program can include the option to display temperatures in either Fahrenheit or Celsius and wind speeds in either miles per hour or kilometers each hour, depending on the measuring standards of your country. You can set these preferences for the application by choosing Home, then Settings and flicking all the way down the screen towards the collection of settings for individual apps. Tap the name of the app you want to adjust to get to its settings.

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